A difficult caliphate and what we learn

Ali became caliph in 35 after the Hijra (656) and ruled for about four and a half years. It was a period of disagreement among the Muslims. Scholars teach us to speak with respect of all the Companions, all of whom sincerely tried to do what was right, and not to turn their disputes into ours. Ali died in 40 after the Hijra (661).

Together, the four caliphs are called the Rightly Guided. The Prophet ﷺ said: "Hold to my way and the way of the rightly guided caliphs after me" (Abu Dawud 4607, Tirmidhi 2676).

What we learn: truthfulness (Abu Bakr), justice (Umar), generosity and modesty (Uthman), courage and knowledge (Ali).